What Is the Pecan Scab Disease?

There are some wonderful foods that come from the sea which some people do not know about; for example laver bread which is a seaweed, and delicious when bought already cleans so that all you have to do is fry it in bacon fat with some cockles for breakfast with eggs and bacon and a sausage or two along with mushrooms. It's full of iron and iodine and is good for your health as well as being very tasty. This is a traditional Welsh recipe, enjoyed all along the Gower coast.

Another of my favourite recipes is one from the Alentejo region of Portugal; I had this in a wonderful restaurant in the mountains but the only problem was that we ordered far more than we could possibly eat. The dish was pork and clams; the pork had been marinated in white wine, garlic, thyme, onions and possibly oregano and the clams had been cooked in the dish with the tenderloin of pork. It was delicious, but I don't think I had realized before that meal that pork could combine so well with seafood.

Octopus cooked in red wine, with tomatoes and macaroni is another of my favourite seafood dishes, but Greek this time. You need to throw the whole octopus in a large pan with just a little water, cover the pan and cook on a low to moderate heat for 15 minutes. When you remove the lid, the octopus will be cooked, you can tell because the tentacles will have curled up and you will have a pinky liquid at the bottom of the pan. You fry onions and garlic in olive oil and cut the octopus into bite size pieces, removing and discarding the beak and any other bits of the head you don't want to use. When the onions are translucent, throw in the octopus, tomatoes (about a kilo of chopped) red wine and macaroni and cook until the macaroni is tender with some black pepper and oregano and thyme.

Another of my all time favourite seafood dishes is again from Portugal, although they eat it in Spain too, and that is cuttlefish cooked in its own ink. Squid cooked like this is great too. It isn't the prettiest dish you could have on your plate, but it is worth trying just once.

Finally there is the sea urchin, which is very underused and under-rated. I first came across it while living on Mykonos, Greece, when I was given half a prickly shell, half a lemon and some bread which I had to dip in olive oil and move around the interior of the hell to scoop up the orange star in the centre. It was delicious, and I then tasted the sea urchin soup, but that was way too gelatinous for my taste. Later on the island of Aegina I was invited to try sea urchins in a novel way - in a shot glass with a touch of Tabasco some freshly squeezed lemon juice and a slug of tsipouro (something like ouzo). This was good too; if not a traditional Greek dish it certainly had the flavours of the country.

There are so many varieties of seafood that we can use, it seems a shame to just stick to the ones we are familiar with. Why not experiment with some of the seafood I've mentioned here and give your taste buds a treat?

What Is the Pecan Scab Disease?

One of the most well-known diseases that can harm a pecan tree is a fungus known as 'pecan scab'. It is also the most damaging. The reason for this is because pecan scab can infect the shuck, or pod of the pecan, stems, and leaves. What also makes this disease particularly prevalent is the fact that it can attack anytime during the season and will lay dormant in the leaves during winter waiting to kill your crop.

The cause of pecan scab is water. Too much water will allow the fungus spores to develop and thrive. This can be particularly difficult to control in the southern states where pecan trees are common. Mid to late afternoon rains are typical and those are the worst for spore development because the leaves can stay wet overnight. The longer they're wet, the more likely it is that the spores will develop and turn into tree-killing pecan scab.

The primary indicators that your trees may be infected are splotches that appear on the leaves in various sizes. These lesions are indicative that the pecan scab has killed that part of the leaf and can lead to early drop of the stem. Also, because the splotches are dark brown to black, photosynthesis cannot occur causing the leaf to wither and eventually fall off of the tree.

To prevent pecan scab, there are a variety of fungicides to use to kill the spores. The key is to spray the tree prior to getting it. If you're expecting a heavy rainfall, that's a good time to be preventative since that's when pecan scab tends to develop. However, if you're unwilling to use a fungicide or if it's not economical for your few trees you can still prevent pecan scab by removing dead leaves, pruning infected leaves and clearing the tree and area around the tree after the harvest season.

Pecan scab can be very serious, infecting entire orchards and ruining an entire harvest season. And the fungus is particularly stingy. There are some types of pecan trees that are more resistant than others like the Oconee and Houma varieties. But these may not be the type of tree that will grow in your area so you have to be careful. The truth is that nearly all farmers who grow pecan trees will most likely have to contend with some sort of fungicide and possibly pesticide at some point. It pays to be preventative otherwise fungi and pests have the potential to ruin your entire pecan season.

The Pecan Tree: Where Does It Grow?

Many people always assume that pecans are a southern nut. This is most likely because first of all, Georgia grows a large amount of Pecans, and secondly because pecan pie is such a distinctly southern dessert. Not many holidays go by without at least a pecan dish of some kind gracing the table. Most learn that pecan trees are a tough tree that can grow in over half of the United States and as far north as southern Canada.

The pecan tree actually originated in Texas and Oklahoma and spread outward from there. Native Americans found the pecan nutritious, easy to store, and easy to trade with. It wasn't until recently, though, that pecan trees were discovered deep in the wilds of places like Wisconsin and Illinois. This is heartening because it means that if the rugged pecan tree can withstand the weather shifts of those states then it's likely it can be adapted to grow in even colder climates.

There are actually over 500 species of pecans in existence so it's not terribly surprising that some species of the tree would be able to withstand cruel northern winters. In fact, the tree itself can produce nuts for well over 100 years. The only difference between the varieties of pecans is the shape and a slight flavor difference. This is to be expected given different soil compositions, sunlight and heat availability, and access to a water source. The pecan you eat has everything to do with where it was grown.

However, if you're going to attempt to grow your own pecan tree, it's important to buy the right one. Because there are over 500 species, picking the tree that's best for your particular climate can be a challenge and is definitely a game of patience. For instance, the "Desirable" pecan tree species is native to Mississippi so it will thrive and produce best in warm, humid climates like that of Georgia or Florida. But the "Wichita" variety grows best in western and central Texas because it thrives best in arid environments. But be prepared to wait. Even the most precocious of pecan trees, the ones that bear nuts of the fastest, still take about five years.

The fact that the pecan tree originated in Texas makes it easy to believe that this is a sturdy tree given the climate variety of the Lone Star State. Recent discoveries of the tree in harsh, cold environments lead one to believe that what is known about the pecan tree is only getting started. All of this is great news because it means that no matter where you spend your time eating at the table (especially during the holidays, which is the time of year when pecans sell the best), you'll be able to have some delicious, locally grown, pecan pie.